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In a preprint, Qarakal's researchers counted the physical qubits for one merge operation and reached the tenfold ratio by extrapolating beyond the code distances they simulated. The company has not reported a Pangaea chip.
About 0.5% of gates ended in a detected erasure and at most 0.12% in an undetected error. The authors projected the error-correction advantage from simulations, assuming perfect erasure checks and leaving out measurement errors.
IBM and University of Chicago researchers claimed advantage with a certified fidelity bound on 97 physical qubits. Qedma and Algorithmiq reported regimes in which the classical methods they tested became unreliable or disagreed. None of the preprints is peer reviewed.
The team sent the largest fragments of small molten-salt clusters to an IBM processor, using circuits of up to 66 qubits plus ancilla qubits. The authors traced the dominant remaining error to the classical step that split the clusters.
A learning agent used error-detection signals from surface and color codes on Willow to adjust more than 1,000 control settings. The team showed steering within a single long computation only in numerical simulation.
Buyers already pair control electronics and refrigerators from different suppliers and use open compiler formats. Calibration has a published specification only for pulse jobs. Module links have none. In those two layers, buyers still depend on one vendor.
A quantum computer runs on clocks from nanoseconds to hours. IBM and Xanadu both drew their software layers along those clocks. A buyer still cannot swap one vendor's processor, controller or decoder for another's by recompiling.
The British Business Bank committed £100 million and tied it to TITAN, a system OQC expected to launch in 2028 with 200 logical qubits. In June 2025, OQC announced error-detection results on three devices, each a single dual-rail qubit.
IBM listed five spending areas, from research to acquisitions, without assigning amounts. Commerce had signed a letter of intent for $1 billion in planned CHIPS funding toward Anderon, IBM's planned quantum wafer foundry.
Teams publishing in Science measured quantum learning advantages on quantum data, including an 11.8-order cut in samples. On ordinary datasets, classical models led on four of five in a peer-reviewed benchmark. HSBC and IBM reported gains in a preprint.
