Governments committed $12.7 billion to quantum technology in 2025 and venture investors $4.9 billion, against a $1.9 billion market. Spin-offs combine both kinds of money. Companies that listed in 2026 have yet to show a shorter path to profit.
Certificate authorities, the DNS root's operator, and firmware signers generate keys under quorum, script, and witness. ML-DSA keys fit that pattern. LMS and XMSS keys cannot be backed up the classical way, since reusing a one-time key allows forgery.
Most of the 500 respondents said today's PKI will need to change to a great extent for post-quantum cryptography. Four percent said certificate management is fully automated, ahead of a 100-day cap on public TLS certificates issued from March 2027.
NIST dropped the draft's two-tier schedule and now deprecates RSA-3072, P-256, and Ed25519 after 2030, as it does RSA-2048. The agency also kept a path to FIPS 140 validation for hybrid key exchange.
Rival quantum platforms draw on a short list of shared inputs, from helium-3 and precision lasers to foundry time and enriched silicon. U.S. and EU export rules now cover several of those inputs directly.
The Sydney company said it cut its February estimate by about an order of magnitude in qubit-time with its Pinnacle 1.2 update. It has not published the circuits, the decoder, or the hardware behind its decoding speed.
Israel's quantum sector grew from about five companies in 2019 to more than 20 in 2025 and has raised more than $1 billion in private capital. A national committee recommended a dedicated governance body for the next phase.
Intel plans to pair Classiq's circuit-synthesis software with its own spin-qubit manufacturing. The company does not yet sell a quantum computer. Its best-known chip, released to research labs in 2023, has 12 qubits.
The US, China, and the EU now use export controls, investment rules, equity stakes, and their own standards to secure quantum technology. The EU has also drafted procurement preferences. Because quantum companies buy abroad, governments keep exemptions for partners.
Security agencies in the US, UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, and Canada say QKD cannot replace public-key cryptography in government systems. Programs in the EU, Germany, Canada, China, Japan, Singapore, and India pay for QKD anyway.
Quantinuum has reported logical-qubit counts of 94, 50, 48, and one on the same machine with 98 physical qubits, from four different experiments. With five questions, a reader can tell what most such announcements demonstrated.
Commerce holds stakes in five companies through its CHIPS quantum awards and releases award money as they meet milestones. DOE and DARPA pay for demonstrated or verified progress. The government is now an owner as well as a funder.
NIST, the NSA, Britain's NCSC, the EU, Canada, and Australia all ask organizations to start post-quantum migration now. None claims a code-breaking quantum computer exists or gives it a known date. Their deadlines do not depend on either claim.
Absolute promises, theorems without their conditions, quantum in a product's name, and post-quantum labels without an algorithm or certificate recur in security pitches. Each can be checked against a public standard, certificate, agency assessment, or proof.
Regulators in five countries have acted or warned against products sold on the word "quantum." Generic claims about real technology get case-by-case scrutiny at most. Companies with real results face the same independent tests as everyone else.
A passive copy of encrypted traffic taken from a cable, radio link, or satellite beam leaves nothing on the victim's network. Tools marketed against harvest-now, decrypt-later attacks watch for exfiltration, anomalous traffic, or quantum-vulnerable encryption instead.
