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Ranked by logical qubits, fault-tolerant applications look like a staircase. Ranked by the gates each one needs, the list within reach of announced machines is shorter. Elliptic-curve attacks come before every molecular ground-state estimate in Google's 2025 tables.
Certificate authorities, the DNS root's operator, and firmware signers generate keys under quorum, script, and witness. ML-DSA keys fit that pattern. LMS and XMSS keys cannot be backed up the classical way, since reusing a one-time key allows forgery.
The non-binding poll asks only whether to start research. StarkWare argues that a layer 2 can be no more quantum-safe than Ethereum, which targets December 2029 for its own migration.
One of the largest bitcoin custodians asked for at least one scheme suited to multi-party signing. Its own security chief has said Coinbase needs two to three more years of research to build that capability.
The circuit uses 24% fewer logical qubits and 18% fewer Toffoli gates than Google's low-qubit design. It covers a step that Shor's algorithm repeats. In a wider test, it failed 111 times in 360,960 additions.
Europol's cybercrime center named wallet signing keys as the main quantum exposure for cryptocurrencies. In a second report with a Madrid university, Europol rated government data at high risk from harvest-now, decrypt-later collection.
Under NIS2 and DORA, regulated entities must keep cryptography policies that track the state of the art and advances in codebreaking. The EU's 2030 and 2035 post-quantum dates remain recommendations, and the proposed NIS2 amendment has not passed.
In a circular dated August 27, SAMA required supervised institutions to make their procedures for identifying and classifying cryptographic assets accurate and comprehensive by the end of 2026, ahead of a quantum risk assessment due in March 2027.
IonQ researchers priced an attack on secp256k1, the curve Bitcoin and Ethereum use for signatures, for a machine the company has not built, assuming two-qubit gate errors of 1 in 10,000 over a run of nearly four weeks.
EMVCo's Security Working Group puts a code-breaking quantum computer at least two decades away and sets no migration date for chip cards. The authors built their timeline on three qubit counts, one of which IBM gives in logical qubits.
