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A Sandia-led team scored Google, IBM, and Quantinuum processors and a logical-qubit machine on one scale. Helios-1 led at 1,504 without discarded runs, against about 250 million that the authors calculated for factoring RSA-2048.
Error-correction, key-distribution, and algorithmic decoders are three of several jobs that share one name. Only the first runs against a machine's clock, where its speed and accuracy affect the clock rate and qubit cost of fault-tolerant designs.
EMVCo's Security Working Group puts a code-breaking quantum computer at least two decades away and sets no migration date for chip cards. The authors built their timeline on three qubit counts, one of which IBM gives in logical qubits.
Researchers have published flaws in new post-quantum code since 2024. For long-term keys, a classical algorithm beside the new one limits the damage, at the cost of extra data, code, and a second migration. The NSA does not require hybrids.
Google marked post-quantum key exchange as done on its API endpoints and internal service traffic. It set certificate, identity, and hardware milestones through 2028 and said it projects most services will meet their domain dates.
A learning agent used error-detection signals from surface and color codes on Willow to adjust more than 1,000 control settings. The team showed steering within a single long computation only in numerical simulation.
Let's Encrypt said nothing changes today for its subscribers. It presented both dates as targets and wrote that the transition will take time, with standards and browser root programs still unsettled.
André Schrottenloher released circuits and code for the step repeated 28 times in an attack on Bitcoin's signature curve. Craig Gidney, a Google Quantum AI co-author of the March study, wrote that such work should be published openly.
Teams publishing in Science measured quantum learning advantages on quantum data, including an 11.8-order cut in samples. On ordinary datasets, classical models led on four of five in a peer-reviewed benchmark. HSBC and IBM reported gains in a preprint.
Researchers have fit Shor's algorithm into 9,739 neutral-atom physical qubits, with elliptic-curve runs that lengthen from 10 days to about 1,000 as the count falls. The authors assumed error rates and clock speeds no machine has shown together.
